魏晋南北朝时期的时代特征（魏晋南北朝朝代更替有多荒唐）

魏晋南北朝—混乱又美好的时代

在上一篇《魏晋南北朝—混乱有美好的时代（政治的变迁）》中，我大致的将魏晋南北朝这段历史中存在的政权进行了整理和划分，对魏晋南北朝这个混乱的时代背景有了一个大致的了解。我之所以说魏晋南北朝是个美好的时代，是我认为在那个时代思想的得到了极大的解放，人们从精神上得到了一些自由；其次那个时期是多种文化碰撞交流的时候，在这个期间产生了无数流传至今的佳作，这个时代可以说是中华文化发展的一个高峰。但是我又认为那是一个残酷的时代，在那个时代，战争接连不断，百姓流离失所，外族不断入侵，这又是民族文化受到威胁的时代。

In the previous article "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-Chaos has a beautiful era (political changes)", I roughly sorted out and divided the regimes that existed in the history of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and analyzed the chaotic era of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Have a general understanding of the background. The reason why I say that the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a beautiful era is that I think that in that era, the mind was greatly liberated, and people gained some spiritual freedom; secondly, that period was a time when a variety of cultures collided and exchanged. During this period, countless masterpieces that have been passed down to this day have been produced. This era can be said to be a peak in the development of Chinese culture. But I also think that it was a cruel era. In that era, wars continued one after another, people were displaced, and foreigners continued to invade. This was another era when national culture was threatened.

在前段时间，我曾在抖音上看到有人高度赞美魏晋南北朝，说他们自由，男女平等。但是真的是这样吗？答案是否定的，他们思想上的自由，是因为他们自己对自己的未来没有肯定，在那个年代，天灾、战争接连不断，百姓种地无法得到充足的粮食面临的饥荒，并且由于战争等因素导致大量的粮食要被强行收缴，这使百姓的生活更加的困难，在这时所谓的礼仪廉耻已经不是百姓所关注的事情了，他们只关心自己的能否吃上一段饱饭，能否住在一个相对安全的地方。在陶渊明的《桃花源记》中写道：土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田、美池、桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。这是多么一副悠闲的田园生活，当时的人非常向往这种生活，在那个战争连绵不休的，这种生活都是一种奢望。就在现在，我们生活在一个和平的国家，我们过的生活对那些处于战争中的人们来说又何尝不是一种桃花源般的生活。

Some time ago, I saw someone on Douyin highly praised the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, saying that they were free and equal between men and women. But is this really the case? The answer is no. Their freedom of thought is because they themselves are not sure about their future. In that era, natural disasters and wars continued one after another, and the people were facing famines because they could not get enough food for farming, and it was caused by wars and other factors. A large amount of food has to be forcibly confiscated, which makes the lives of the people more difficult. At this time, the so-called etiquette and shame are no longer what the people are concerned about. They only care about whether they can have a full meal and live in. A relatively safe place. In Tao Yuanmings "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring", it is written: The land is flat, and the houses are just like farmland, beautiful pond, and mulberry bamboo. The traffic on the rice paddies, the chicken and the dog hear each other. Among them, the men and women are dressed like outsiders. The yellow hair hangs down, and he is happy. What a leisurely pastoral life, people at the time yearned for this kind of life very much. In that endless war, this kind of life was a luxury. Right now, we live in a peaceful country, and the life we live is not a peach blossom life for those who are in war.

对于士族来说这个时代也是混乱与不安的，政权的变更代表着权力的不断交替，这些士族在面对这些政权时要不断地改变策略，寻找合适的君主，避免家族的覆灭。在这种情况下，许多的士族最求成仙，想远离世俗的苦闷，在那个时期服用五石散似乎以及成为了当时士族的标配。并且，由于战争的接连不断，使人口数量不断地减少，这也产生了女子参军的现象，但是多数女子并不是自愿参军，而是被逼迫的。在当时儒家的权威受到了极大的挑战，许多传统礼受到了冲击，这就所谓的行动自由，但是这种自由仅限士族享受，百姓还在温饱线上挣扎。魏晋南北朝使用的是九品中正制，这个制度使士族把控着朝里的升官权，三品之上无寒门就是对当时选官制度最好的概括，平民百姓要想当官，多是要靠军工，但是进入朝堂却会面临一个没有盟友的场面，所以当时的政治是十分的黑暗。

For the gentry, this era is also chaotic and uneasy. The change of regime represents the constant alternation of power. When facing these regimes, these gentry must constantly change their strategies, find suitable monarchs, and avoid the destruction of their families. Under such circumstances, many gentry were most seeking to become immortals and wanted to stay away from the sorrows of the world. At that time, taking Wu Shi San seemed and became the standard of the gentry at that time. Moreover, due to the continuous wars, the population has been continuously reduced. This has also led to the phenomenon of women joining the army. However, most women are not willing to join the army, but are forced to do so. At that time, the authority of Confucianism was greatly challenged, and many traditional rituals were impacted. This is the so-called "freedom" of action, but this freedom is only enjoyed by the gentry, and the people are still struggling with food and clothing. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties used the Nine-Rank Zhongzheng system. This system allowed the gentry to control the right to promote the court. The "No Hanmen above the Three-Rank" was the best generalization of the official selection system at that time. If common people wanted to become officials, most of them were officials. It depends on military industry, but entering the court will face a scene of no allies, so the politics at that time was very dark.

在李泽厚先生的《美的历程》中，我们可以体会到，魏晋南北朝时期的美与其他朝代不同。魏晋南北朝的美带一股苍凉，这个苍凉主要来源于乱世。但是魏晋南北朝的美有两个方面，一个是人的美：在当时的文人看来生命是如此的短暂，人生又充满了生死离别哀伤不幸、所以要抓住生活尽情享受，充分的把握自己的人生。另一个是：文的自觉，在西汉时期艺术是为政治服务的，是起到助人伦成教化的，但是到了魏晋南北朝时期，艺术只是为了艺术，是中国历史上的一个文艺创新时期。在这个时期，有许多人都觉醒了这个世界对我的意义，取决于我对世界的感受；我对世界的感受，取决于世界对我的认可这个思想，这才是魏晋真正的美。

In Mr. Li Zehous "A Journey of Beauty", we can understand that the beauty in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is different from other dynasties. The beauty of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties brought a sense of desolation, and this desolation mainly came from the troubled times. However, there are two aspects to the beauty of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. One is the beauty of people: in the eyes of the literati at the time, life is so short, and life is full of life and death, parting, sadness and misfortune, so you must seize life and enjoy yourself and fully grasp yourself. Life. The other is: Wens self-consciousness. In the Western Han Dynasty, art served politics and played a role in "helping others to become morals", but in the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, art was only for art, which was a period of literary and artistic innovation in Chinese history. . During this period, many people are awakened. "The meaning of this world to me depends on how I feel about the world; how I feel about the world depends on the worlds recognition of me." This thought is what the Wei and Jin Dynasties really mean. nice.

对于任何一个时代，都存在这A面和B面，我们要以辩证的眼光看待这个时代，不能过于的偏激，片面。

For any era, there are side A and side B. We must look at this era from a dialectical perspective, and we cannot be too extreme and one-sided.

参考资料：百度、《美的历程》

翻译：Google翻译

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